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Lead (sea ice)
A lead () is a large fracture within an expanse of sea ice, defining a linear area of open water that can be used for navigation purposes.〔http://www.aari.nw.ru/gdsidb/XML/volume1.php?lang1=0&lang2=1&arrange=1〕〔(Environment Canada - Weather and Meteorology - Ice Glossary )〕〔(All About Sea Ice, Introduction :: National Snow and Ice Data Center )〕 Leads vary in width from meters to hundreds of meters.〔(sea ice (ice formation) : Sea ice formation and features - Britannica Online Encyclopedia )〕 As is the case for polynyas (another sea ice feature involving open water), leads allow the direct interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean, and are important for Arctic sea ice ecology. If the air is cold enough (typically in the winter), the water within a lead quickly refreezes, such that in many cases, leads are partly or entirely covered by a thin layer of new ice.〔Weeks, W. F. (2010) ''On sea ice'' (Chap. 11). University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 664 p.〕
== Differences between leads and polynyas ==
Unlike polynyas, which tend to occur, and remain, at a given location, leads are transient features that can form anywhere in an ice-covered ocean.〔 Moreover, while the origin of polynyas is linked with either warm air current circulation from the coastline or a warm water upwelling, the driving force behind lead formation is a state of stress, either wind- or current-induced, within the plane of the ice. Lead formation is therefore tied in with synoptic-scale weather patterns, typically lasting a few days.〔 Also, because the open water within a lead tends to quickly refreeze, the contribution of leads to heat exchange and water vapour output to the atmosphere is significantly less than that of polynyas, where refreezing of the open water is prevented.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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